This research is published in journal of “Materials Chemistry Frontiers” (top 10%- Scopus).
The article presents a novel method for fabricating three-dimensional (3D) structured human cell networks using capillary cell suspensions based on aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS). By combining dextran (DEX) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) aqueous phases, we formed water-in-water capillary bridges that connect adherent HeLa cells into stable 3D networks. The study demonstrates that adding 2% DEX to a concentrated HeLa cell suspension in PEG yields optimal rheological and structural properties, forming robust, scaffold-free tissue-like materials without compromising cell viability. This capillary suspension approach overcomes limitations of traditional spheroid cultures, such as necrotic core formation and offers a promising, cost-effective platform for 3D cell culture and tissue engineering.
🔬 Comparison to Existing 3D Cell Culture Techniques

🔬 Key Innovation
This approach introduces capillary forces in an aqueous two-phase system (PEG–DEX) as a mechanism for building stable 3D networks of adherent cells. Unlike traditional techniques, it balances structural integrity and cell health without relying on synthetic matrices or causing necrotic core formation.
📌 Summary
The capillary suspension method bridges the gap between physiological relevance and practical usability in 3D culture. It retains the high fidelity of scaffold-free models while enhancing structural control and reducing limitations like necrosis and material interference, offering a promising new avenue for tissue engineering and biomedical research.
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Paunov research group website: https://paunovgroup.org/publications-2/
Paunov research group website: https://paunovgroup.org/publications-2/
